Human cloning has long been demonized in popular culture. In Brave New World by Aldous Huxley cloning is the technological foundation supporting a highly repressive dystopia. In the Star Wars saga, clones are mass produced to become cannon fodder in the armies of the Galactic Republic. In cinema and literature, with few exceptions, clones are represented as mindless drones who serve their masters without question for good or evil.
Cloning could also cause a great deal of damage for living, breathing human beings. From an individual perspective and from the broader perspective of society, the availability of cloning can lead to violation of the bioethical principle of nonmaleficence. For more details please visit these sites:- https://www.shop-swimmingpool.at/
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Cloning would make it possible for interested parties to have children for purely self-centered reasons. Parents might desire a child with extraordinary athletic skills or genius-level intelligence. Other parents might want to have a child who has the talent to win the American Idol competition or the physical beauty to become America’s Next Top Model. There are probably many misguided parents might believe that by cloning a champion triathlete, their child could grow up to become the winner of Survivor.
In all these scenarios the cloned child is brought into the world to fill a need in her parents’ lives – not a need based on love, but rather a need based on the desire for money, fame, or both. The cloned child’s choices are constrained by her parents’ goals and she is not free to develop interests of her own. Her autonomy is restricted, her own personal goods are not considered, and she is harmed deeply. For her the lifelong results of cloning are hurtful and deleterious, and nonmaleficence is violated. To the extent that clones do not grow up to be useful, contributing members of society, owing to the significant psychosocial harms inflicted upon them by their parents, society also experiences these harms.
Cloning has substantial potential for harming society via alterations to the human genome and human physiology. The genome of a clone is the product of asexual reproduction. The 46 chromosomes of the clone genome did not undergo the normal series of biochemical processes that are part of normal sexual reproduction. For example, epigenetic reprogramming, normally performed by the egg cytoplasm on the 23 chromosomes derived from the sperm, is speeded up in the cloning process and initiated by external processes rather than processes internal to the egg. The effects on the clone genome are at present completely unknown. Any alterations, mutations, or deviations from normal would be permanently embedded in the clone’s genome and would be inherited by the clone’s children. Thus, cloning could introduce harmful changes to the human genome, seriously violating the principle of nonmaleficence.
From the perspective of genetics and physiology, cloning is a broad-scale experiment performed on the human genome. There are many benefits but the harms may be too great.
David Lemberg, M.S. in Bioethics, Albany Medical College, May 2010. Consultant, Author, Speaker. Research interests – health care and health care policy, reproductive technologies, genetics and genomics, K-12 science education. Executive Producer, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY,
